Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, all 27 EU member states reported importing 2,319 kt of jet fuel; the largest origins outside the EU were the South Korea (18%), Kuwait (12%) and China (8%), and 38% came from other EU member states, with less than 1% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Month
South Korea421 kt (18%)Kuwait280 kt (12%)China195 kt (8%)India128 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia126 kt (5%)United Kingdom118 kt (5%)Libya42 kt (2%)Türkiye34 kt (1%)Israel33 kt (1%)Other origins outside the EU57 kt (2%)Netherlands597 kt (26%)France98 kt (4%)Belgium79 kt (3%)Other EU member states110 kt (5%)Origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Germany588 kt (25%)France439 kt (19%)Netherlands350 kt (15%)Italy218 kt (9%)Ireland123 kt (5%)Belgium110 kt (5%)Spain104 kt (4%)Denmark84 kt (4%)Sweden61 kt (3%)Slovenia45 kt (2%)Luxembourg43 kt (2%)Cyprus34 kt (1%)Portugal33 kt (1%)Malta18 kt (<1%)Latvia18 kt (<1%)Romania16 kt (<1%)Czechia12 kt (<1%)Austria12 kt (<1%)Estonia5.0 kt (<1%)Poland3.0 kt (<1%)Bulgaria1.8 kt (<1%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)
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Country it was last shipped from
- South Korea421 kt (18%)
- Kuwait280 kt (12%)
- China195 kt (8%)
- India128 kt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia126 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom118 kt (5%)
- Libya42 kt (2%)
- Türkiye34 kt (1%)
- Israel33 kt (1%)
- Other origins outside the EU57 kt (2%)
- Netherlands597 kt (26%)
- France98 kt (4%)
- Belgium79 kt (3%)
- Other EU member states110 kt (5%)
- Origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Reported; colour = country last shipped from
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany | 479,690 | 81.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands | 290,017 | 82.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France | 136,000 | 31.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | France | 124,000 | 28.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland | 117,722 | 95.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Italy | 98,364 | 45.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium | 71,500 | 64.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France | 63,000 | 14.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany | 51,761 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany | 49,266 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovenia | 45,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Italy | 44,715 | 20.5% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| France | Luxembourg | 40,470 | 93.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium | 38,700 | 35.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 37,627 | 36.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands | 37,021 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy | 36,381 | 16.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Denmark | 36,000 | 42.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | France | 35,000 | 8.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Kuwait | Spain | 33,077 | 31.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Portugal | 33,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Spain | 32,941 | 31.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Cyprus | 32,556 | 94.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 29,000 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Denmark | 28,000 | 33.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Sweden | 27,978 | 45.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden | 26,468 | 43.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 24,821 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Malta | 18,444 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 17,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania | 16,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Denmark | 15,000 | 17.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Netherlands | France | 14,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 13,972 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | France | 13,000 | 3.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Czechia | 12,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Austria | 11,858 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| China | Latvia | 10,128 | 56.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands | 9,261 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Netherlands | 8,155 | 2.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Latvia | 7,754 | 43.4% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Belgium | France | 7,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Germany | 6,768 | 1.2% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Belgium | Sweden | 6,710 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands | 5,580 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland | 5,037 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Denmark | 5,000 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Estonia | 5,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Poland | 3,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Belgium | Luxembourg | 2,085 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Bulgaria | 1,781 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Cyprus | 1,761 | 5.1% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Hungary | 1,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Origin not reported | France | 1,000 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg | 718 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:22 UTCConfidenceOfficialMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Official
Provenance
OfficialOfficial- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Official
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined.
Left: the country the jet fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2023-09, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Month: 2023-09 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Croatia, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, Slovakia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): for refined products, the country the fuel was last shipped from, as each EU member state reports it; it may be a trading hub rather than where the fuel was refined. The customs basis is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states may be fuel refined there or fuel only shipped on from elsewhere; they are grouped separately.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.