Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, all 27 EU member states reported importing 2,044 kt of jet fuel; the largest origins outside the EU were Kuwait (9%), India (9%) and Saudi Arabia (8%), and 45% came from other EU member states, with 5% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Month
Kuwait193 kt (9%)India184 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia155 kt (8%)Malaysia121 kt (6%)United Kingdom102 kt (5%)China86 kt (4%)Bahrain60 kt (3%)Türkiye39 kt (2%)Other origins outside the EU88 kt (4%)Netherlands558 kt (27%)Belgium131 kt (6%)France91 kt (4%)Greece60 kt (3%)Other EU member states80 kt (4%)Origin not reported96 kt (5%)Germany545 kt (27%)France476 kt (23%)Netherlands240 kt (12%)Italy144 kt (7%)Ireland117 kt (6%)Spain108 kt (5%)Belgium96 kt (5%)Sweden73 kt (4%)Portugal63 kt (3%)Luxembourg49 kt (2%)Denmark35 kt (2%)Cyprus23 kt (1%)Austria15 kt (<1%)Estonia13 kt (<1%)Romania12 kt (<1%)Latvia12 kt (<1%)Hungary9.0 kt (<1%)Czechia8.0 kt (<1%)Malta5.4 kt (<1%)Bulgaria1.8 kt (<1%)Slovenia1.0 kt (<1%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Kuwait193 kt (9%)
- India184 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia155 kt (8%)
- Malaysia121 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom102 kt (5%)
- China86 kt (4%)
- Bahrain60 kt (3%)
- Türkiye39 kt (2%)
- Other origins outside the EU88 kt (4%)
- Netherlands558 kt (27%)
- Belgium131 kt (6%)
- France91 kt (4%)
- Greece60 kt (3%)
- Other EU member states80 kt (4%)
- Origin not reported96 kt (5%)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany | 451,121 | 82.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | France | 123,000 | 25.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands | 103,147 | 43.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland | 101,611 | 87.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Italy | 96,407 | 66.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Malaysia | Netherlands | 73,822 | 30.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France | 60,000 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France | 56,000 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | France | 54,000 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium | 48,800 | 50.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France | 47,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg | 46,720 | 95.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany | 44,222 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany | 44,121 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium | 43,000 | 44.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 42,777 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Sweden | 40,853 | 56.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | France | 40,000 | 8.4% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other origins outside the EU | Italy | 35,067 | 24.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Bahrain | Portugal | 33,000 | 52.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 33,000 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 32,889 | 30.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Denmark | 30,000 | 85.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Portugal | 29,994 | 47.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain | 29,887 | 27.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain | 27,478 | 25.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | France | 27,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Cyprus | 23,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France | 22,000 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden | 20,520 | 28.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands | 18,101 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain | 17,572 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland | 15,141 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Austria | 14,620 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | France | 14,000 | 2.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Estonia | 13,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Türkiye | Romania | 12,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Sweden | 11,159 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Hungary | 9,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Czechia | 8,000 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Italy | 7,897 | 5.5% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Latvia | 7,215 | 61.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other origins outside the EU | Malta | 5,353 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other origins outside the EU | Germany | 5,108 | 0.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Greece | Italy | 5,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Denmark | 5,000 | 14.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 4,200 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Latvia | 2,530 | 21.4% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| China | Latvia | 2,079 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Bulgaria | 1,840 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Netherlands | 1,506 | 0.6% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Belgium | Luxembourg | 1,279 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovenia | 1,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg | 743 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands | 312 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:22 UTCConfidenceOfficialMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Official
Provenance
OfficialOfficial- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Official
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
Left: where the jet fuel was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2023-11, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Month: 2023-11 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Croatia, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.