Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Austria's road diesel supply was 542 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (40%) and Slovenia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (25%), Libya (15%) and the United States (10%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan137 kt (est. 25%)Libya81 kt (est. 15%)United States53 kt (est. 10%)Norway43 kt (est. 8%)Iraq36 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan23 kt (est. 4%)Brazil14 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins62 kt (est. 11%)Slovenia: no refinery43 kt (8%)Austria: crude origin not reported17 kt (3%)Austria: crude not from imports16 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)255 kt (47%)Germany215 kt (40%)Slovenia43 kt (8%)Italy26 kt (5%)Slovakia2.9 kt (<1%)Hungary1.2 kt (<1%)Czechia0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply542 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan137 kt (est. 25%)
- Libya81 kt (est. 15%)
- United States53 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway43 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq36 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan23 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil14 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins62 kt (est. 11%)
- Slovenia: no refinery43 kt (8%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported17 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude not from imports16 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2023)
23.0 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Austria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported23 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Austria (own refineries)13 kt (est. 54%)
- Germany6.4 kt (est. 28%)
- Italy4.1 kt (est. 18%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 255,088 | 47.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 214,500 | 39.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 42,880 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 25,556 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,852 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,187 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 111,490 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 51,622 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 50,007 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 42,880 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Germany | 42,486 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 41,102 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 25,864 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 24,701 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 22,878 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 17,250 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 16,439 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 13,265 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 12,508 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 10,742 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Austria (own refineries) | 10,337 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 8,795 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 6,449 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,888 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,053 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 3,979 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 3,652 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,852 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,803 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,733 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,680 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,289 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,238 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 963 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 559 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 333 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 147 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 77 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 44 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 31 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 21 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 6 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 3 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 3 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (42,880 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (17,250 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (16,439 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (13,265 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,438 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,245 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.