Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Austria's road diesel supply was 465 kt: 28% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (53%), Italy (9%) and Slovenia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (15%), Libya (14%) and the United States (11%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan69 kt (est. 15%)Libya65 kt (est. 14%)United States50 kt (est. 11%)Norway47 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom44 kt (est. 9%)Guyana35 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins77 kt (est. 16%)Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (8%)Austria: crude not from imports15 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports5.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)130 kt (28%)Germany247 kt (53%)Italy44 kt (9%)Slovenia37 kt (8%)Czechia5.2 kt (1%)Hungary0.8 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.6 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply465 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan69 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya65 kt (est. 14%)
- United States50 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway47 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom44 kt (est. 9%)
- Guyana35 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins77 kt (est. 16%)
- Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (8%)
- Austria: crude not from imports15 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports5.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2026)
16.5 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Austria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported17 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Italy6.3 kt (est. 38%)
- Germany5.2 kt (est. 31%)
- Austria (own refineries)3.3 kt (est. 20%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 246,576 | 53.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 130,007 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 43,968 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 37,448 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 5,201 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 826 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 580 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany | 44,684 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 41,259 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 40,323 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 37,448 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 33,712 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 30,280 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 28,731 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 26,877 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 24,070 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 23,346 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 19,094 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria (own refineries) | 16,717 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 14,714 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 13,919 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 11,929 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria (own refineries) | 11,741 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 6,615 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,268 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,890 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 5,185 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,375 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 3,342 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,245 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,918 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,738 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,649 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,274 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 873 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 540 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 523 | 63.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 440 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 373 | 64.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 234 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 87 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 78 | 13.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Hungary | 49 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 42 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Hungary | 20 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (37,448 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (14,714 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (5,890 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,519 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (527 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.