Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Austria's road diesel supply was 476 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (41%), Slovenia (7%) and Italy (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (23%), Libya (16%) and the United States (9%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan107 kt (est. 23%)Libya75 kt (est. 16%)United States42 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom40 kt (est. 8%)Guyana34 kt (est. 7%)Norway32 kt (est. 7%)Iraq17 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins64 kt (est. 14%)Slovenia: no refinery35 kt (7%)Austria: crude not from imports14 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports5.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)203 kt (43%)Germany196 kt (41%)Slovenia35 kt (7%)Italy33 kt (7%)Czechia6.2 kt (1%)Slovakia1.4 kt (<1%)Hungary0.4 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply476 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Italy
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- France
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan107 kt (est. 23%)
- Libya75 kt (est. 16%)
- United States42 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom40 kt (est. 8%)
- Guyana34 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq17 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins64 kt (est. 14%)
- Slovenia: no refinery35 kt (7%)
- Austria: crude not from imports14 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports5.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2026)
64.4 thousand tonnes
est. 14% of Austria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported64 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Germany28 kt (est. 43%)
- Austria (own refineries)19 kt (est. 29%)
- Italy13 kt (est. 20%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 203,316 | 42.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 195,995 | 41.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 35,442 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 33,112 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 6,238 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,379 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 74,429 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 38,887 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 35,442 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Germany | 31,500 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 29,706 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 29,221 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 27,682 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 27,041 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 21,689 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria (own refineries) | 20,703 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 18,832 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria (own refineries) | 17,869 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 14,087 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Germany | 13,452 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 13,179 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 10,645 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,997 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 7,865 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6,726 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,836 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,495 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,142 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,800 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,755 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,651 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,970 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,070 | 77.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,019 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 832 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 773 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 457 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 421 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 228 | 56.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 224 | 16.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 176 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 84 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 0 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 0 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 0 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | France | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (35,442 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (14,087 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (6,726 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (5,836 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,472 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (833 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.