Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Austria's road diesel supply was 498 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (41%) and Slovenia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (31%), Libya (15%) and Norway (8%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan156 kt (est. 31%)Libya75 kt (est. 15%)Norway41 kt (est. 8%)United States38 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins43 kt (est. 9%)Slovenia: no refinery27 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported26 kt (5%)Austria: crude origin not reported22 kt (4%)Austria: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)235 kt (47%)Germany206 kt (41%)Slovenia27 kt (5%)Italy21 kt (4%)Slovakia6.5 kt (1%)Czechia2.8 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply498 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan156 kt (est. 31%)
- Libya75 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway41 kt (est. 8%)
- United States38 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins43 kt (est. 9%)
- Slovenia: no refinery27 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported26 kt (5%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported22 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2025)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. 35%)
- United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. 26%)
- Norwayless than 0.1 kt (est. 13%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 234,754 | 47.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 205,984 | 41.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 27,032 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 21,173 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 6,475 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,846 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 128,302 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 45,553 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 40,178 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 32,770 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 27,140 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 27,032 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 26,123 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 24,607 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 24,426 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 22,344 | 9.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 20,829 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 15,078 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 11,499 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 7,832 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,940 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 5,812 | 89.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 4,948 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,925 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 4,256 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 2,773 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,637 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,556 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,602 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,336 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,282 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,251 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,197 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,081 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,009 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 796 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 370 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 368 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 203 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 92 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 86 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 28 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 0 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 0 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (27,032 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (26,123 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (22,344 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (11,499 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,109 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.