Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Austria's road diesel supply was 548 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (46%) and Slovenia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (21%), Libya (14%) and Iraq (10%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan114 kt (est. 21%)Libya78 kt (est. 14%)Iraq54 kt (est. 10%)United States49 kt (est. 9%)Norway39 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia36 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom23 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins73 kt (est. 13%)Slovenia: no refinery46 kt (8%)Austria: crude origin not reported15 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports9.4 kt (2%)Austria: crude not from imports5.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)217 kt (40%)Germany250 kt (46%)Slovenia46 kt (8%)Italy25 kt (5%)Hungary5.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia4.8 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply548 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan114 kt (est. 21%)
- Libya78 kt (est. 14%)
- Iraq54 kt (est. 10%)
- United States49 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway39 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia36 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom23 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins73 kt (est. 13%)
- Slovenia: no refinery46 kt (8%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported15 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports9.4 kt (2%)
- Austria: crude not from imports5.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
53.6 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Austria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported54 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Austria (own refineries)38 kt (est. 72%)
- Germany13 kt (est. 25%)
- Italy1.9 kt (est. 3%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 249,726 | 45.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 217,066 | 39.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 46,399 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 25,110 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 5,129 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 4,800 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 81,857 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 46,399 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 45,569 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 45,466 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 44,189 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 38,496 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 37,746 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 30,544 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 27,728 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,028 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 20,145 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 14,572 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 14,549 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 13,231 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 10,674 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 9,398 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 8,245 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 5,775 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,825 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,800 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,749 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,431 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4,107 | 80.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,857 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,763 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,757 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 876 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 864 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 535 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 487 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 410 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 158 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 0 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 0 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 0 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (46,399 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (14,549 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (9,398 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Austria: crude not from imports (5,775 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,236 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,352 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.