Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Austria's road diesel supply was 484 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (48%), Italy (7%) and Slovenia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (30%), Libya (12%) and the United States (10%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan147 kt (est. 30%)Libya57 kt (est. 12%)United States49 kt (est. 10%)Norway46 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia37 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)Iraq17 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins45 kt (est. 9%)Slovenia: no refinery31 kt (6%)Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (2%)Austria: crude not from imports6.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)183 kt (38%)Germany233 kt (48%)Italy35 kt (7%)Slovenia31 kt (6%)Czechia1.9 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.3 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply484 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan147 kt (est. 30%)
- Libya57 kt (est. 12%)
- United States49 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway46 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia37 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq17 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins45 kt (est. 9%)
- Slovenia: no refinery31 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (2%)
- Austria: crude not from imports6.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
45.8 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Austria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported46 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany43 kt (est. 93%)
- Austria (own refineries)2.4 kt (est. 5%)
- Italy0.8 kt (est. 2%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 232,821 | 48.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 183,249 | 37.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 34,879 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 30,888 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,882 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 108,060 | 59.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 44,186 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 42,588 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 33,612 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 30,888 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 28,666 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 24,793 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 24,596 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 20,966 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 20,852 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 18,870 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 14,005 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,356 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 9,171 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 8,785 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,541 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 6,675 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,880 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,361 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,193 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 3,113 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,973 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,472 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria (own refineries) | 2,399 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 1,931 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,591 | 84.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 1,553 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 840 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 311 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 291 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 272 | 91.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 200 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 25 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 0 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (30,888 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (18,870 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,579 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Austria: crude not from imports (6,675 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,865 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.