Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Austria's road diesel supply was 473 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (47%), Italy (9%) and Slovenia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), Libya (13%) and Saudi Arabia (7%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan131 kt (est. 28%)Libya62 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 7%)United States34 kt (est. 7%)Norway30 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)Iraq15 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins81 kt (est. 17%)Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (6%)Germany: crude origin not reported16 kt (3%)Austria: crude not from imports14 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports5.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)179 kt (38%)Germany221 kt (47%)Italy41 kt (9%)Slovenia26 kt (6%)Czechia3.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.4 kt (<1%)Hungary1.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply473 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany
- Austria (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- France
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan131 kt (est. 28%)
- Libya62 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 7%)
- United States34 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway30 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq15 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins81 kt (est. 17%)
- Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported16 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude not from imports14 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports5.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2025)
30.3 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Austria's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported30 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Germany29 kt (est. 95%)
- Czechia1.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Italy0.5 kt (est. 2%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 220,774 | 46.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 179,147 | 37.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 40,706 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 26,050 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 3,026 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,427 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,099 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 94,899 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 37,197 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 34,507 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 31,070 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 29,342 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 28,863 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 27,358 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 26,615 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 26,050 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 20,530 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 16,406 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 14,624 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,440 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 13,621 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 12,916 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,779 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,200 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,742 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,333 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,673 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,330 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 3,005 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,368 | 97.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,449 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 1,392 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,283 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 975 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 786 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 638 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 586 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 494 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 204 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 182 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 163 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 150 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 59 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 0 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 0 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 0 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (26,050 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (16,406 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (13,621 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (5,200 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,480 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.