Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Austria's road diesel supply was 555 kt: 50% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (37%), Italy (7%) and Slovenia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (33%), Libya (12%) and Saudi Arabia (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan183 kt (est. 33%)Libya66 kt (est. 12%)Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 11%)Norway35 kt (est. 6%)United States31 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom22 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins78 kt (est. 14%)Slovenia: no refinery29 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)Austria: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)280 kt (50%)Germany203 kt (37%)Italy40 kt (7%)Slovenia29 kt (5%)Czechia2.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply555 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan183 kt (est. 33%)
- Libya66 kt (est. 12%)
- Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway35 kt (est. 6%)
- United States31 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom22 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins78 kt (est. 14%)
- Slovenia: no refinery29 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported12 kt (2%)
- Austria: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2025)
279.8 thousand tonnes
50% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Kazakhstan151 kt (est. 54%)
- Saudi Arabia55 kt (est. 20%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 10%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 279,751 | 50.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 202,701 | 36.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 40,216 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 29,173 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,155 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,027 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 150,622 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 54,720 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 37,295 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 35,367 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 34,086 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 29,199 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 29,173 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 27,523 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 25,652 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 22,135 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 21,500 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 11,832 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 10,815 | 3.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,363 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,643 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,020 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 5,527 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 5,381 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,907 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 4,638 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,065 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,593 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 3,164 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,871 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 2,095 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 856 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 841 | 81.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 735 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 442 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 331 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 233 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 211 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 73 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 71 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 42 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (29,173 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (11,832 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (10,815 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,638 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,666 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.