Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Austria's road diesel supply was 575 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (40%), Italy (8%) and Slovenia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), Norway (9%) and the United States (8%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 28%)Norway52 kt (est. 9%)United States46 kt (est. 8%)Libya42 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia39 kt (est. 7%)Iraq38 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins81 kt (est. 14%)Slovenia: no refinery43 kt (7%)Austria: crude not from imports17 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)244 kt (42%)Germany232 kt (40%)Italy45 kt (8%)Slovenia43 kt (7%)Slovakia5.0 kt (<1%)Czechia2.3 kt (<1%)Bulgaria2.3 kt (<1%)Hungary1.8 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply575 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 28%)
- Norway52 kt (est. 9%)
- United States46 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya42 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia39 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq38 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins81 kt (est. 14%)
- Slovenia: no refinery43 kt (7%)
- Austria: crude not from imports17 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2024)
5.0 thousand tonnes
<1% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins4.5 kt (est. 89%)
- Azerbaijan0.4 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. 4%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 243,704 | 42.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 232,450 | 40.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 44,945 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 42,625 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 5,046 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,330 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,284 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,777 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 124,089 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 50,521 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 50,189 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 42,625 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Germany | 38,816 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 32,792 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 31,104 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 19,255 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 18,307 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 16,936 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 16,791 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 15,387 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 15,059 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 13,596 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 12,734 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,537 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 8,524 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,987 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,246 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,970 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,749 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,496 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 4,217 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,885 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 3,815 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,489 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,100 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,576 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 2,184 | 95.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,483 | 83.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 995 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 898 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 878 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 432 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 365 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 361 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 259 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 185 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 127 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 100 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 42 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 35 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 24 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (42,625 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (16,791 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (12,734 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,121 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,640 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.