Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Austria's road diesel supply was 544 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (41%), Slovenia (11%) and Italy (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (23%), Libya (15%) and Iraq (9%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan126 kt (est. 23%)Libya80 kt (est. 15%)Iraq48 kt (est. 9%)United States46 kt (est. 9%)Norway33 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins67 kt (est. 12%)Slovenia: no refinery61 kt (11%)Austria: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports6.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)228 kt (42%)Germany225 kt (41%)Slovenia61 kt (11%)Italy28 kt (5%)Slovakia3.1 kt (<1%)Czechia0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply544 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan126 kt (est. 23%)
- Libya80 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq48 kt (est. 9%)
- United States46 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway33 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins67 kt (est. 12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery61 kt (11%)
- Austria: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports6.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Nov 2023)
60.7 thousand tonnes
11% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Slovenia: no refinery61 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 227,979 | 41.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 224,743 | 41.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 60,665 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 27,885 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 3,054 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 99,747 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 60,665 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 55,530 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 48,561 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 42,616 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 31,925 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 31,909 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 27,300 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 24,053 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 19,008 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 13,328 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 11,878 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 10,582 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 7,885 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 6,913 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 6,312 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 6,199 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,621 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 4,503 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 4,485 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 4,471 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,268 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,711 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,949 | 96.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,614 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,580 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,016 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,909 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,028 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 653 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 105 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 26 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 15 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 7 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 4 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 2 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (60,665 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (11,878 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (10,582 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (6,913 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,160 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,121 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.