Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Austria's road diesel supply was 483 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (47%), Italy (8%) and Slovenia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), the United States (11%) and Libya (10%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan137 kt (est. 28%)United States51 kt (est. 11%)Libya50 kt (est. 10%)Norway49 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom22 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins59 kt (est. 12%)Slovenia: no refinery34 kt (7%)Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)Austria: crude origin not reported13 kt (3%)Austria: crude not from imports7.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)180 kt (37%)Germany228 kt (47%)Italy37 kt (8%)Slovenia34 kt (7%)Czechia2.3 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.3 kt (<1%)Netherlandsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply483 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany
- Austria (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Netherlands
- France
- Kazakhstan137 kt (est. 28%)
- United States51 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya50 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway49 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom22 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins59 kt (est. 12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery34 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported13 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude not from imports7.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2024)
34.2 thousand tonnes
7% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Slovenia: no refinery34 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 227,941 | 47.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 179,762 | 37.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 36,985 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 34,209 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,256 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,301 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 102,940 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 43,616 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 43,295 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 41,424 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 34,209 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 28,717 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 25,589 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,377 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 19,306 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 17,609 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 12,946 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,098 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 8,291 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 7,682 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 7,171 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,117 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 6,475 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,080 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,826 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,551 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria (own refineries) | 4,450 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 4,218 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,859 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,786 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 3,710 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,336 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,893 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,203 | 92.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,115 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 731 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 698 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 627 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 410 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 98 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (34,209 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (19,306 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (12,946 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (7,171 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,122 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (629 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.