Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Austria's road diesel supply was 536 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (40%) and Slovenia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (31%), Libya (14%) and Norway (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan164 kt (est. 31%)Libya76 kt (est. 14%)Norway44 kt (est. 8%)United States41 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom22 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins42 kt (est. 8%)Slovenia: no refinery38 kt (7%)Austria: crude origin not reported22 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported22 kt (4%)Austria: crude not from imports14 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports6.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)250 kt (47%)Germany212 kt (40%)Slovenia38 kt (7%)Italy24 kt (5%)Slovakia7.1 kt (1%)Czechia3.4 kt (<1%)Hungary0.5 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply536 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan164 kt (est. 31%)
- Libya76 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway44 kt (est. 8%)
- United States41 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom22 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins42 kt (est. 8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery38 kt (7%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported22 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported22 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude not from imports14 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports6.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2025)
38.0 thousand tonnes
7% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Slovenia: no refinery38 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 250,219 | 46.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 212,276 | 39.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 37,965 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 24,237 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 7,053 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 3,372 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 137,318 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 48,160 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 43,613 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 37,965 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Germany | 34,874 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 27,490 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 23,266 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 22,347 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 22,301 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,300 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 21,937 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 19,332 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 14,001 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 6,770 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 6,669 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,288 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 6,051 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,760 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 4,518 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 4,449 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,674 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 3,354 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,262 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,670 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,579 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,413 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,337 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,064 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 806 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 522 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 449 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 384 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 339 | 75.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 106 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 93 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 11 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 7 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (37,965 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (22,347 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (22,301 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (14,001 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (6,770 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,121 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.