Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Austria's road diesel supply was 552 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (35%), Slovenia (7%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (37%), Libya (13%) and Iraq (7%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan204 kt (est. 37%)Libya73 kt (est. 13%)Iraq36 kt (est. 7%)Norway32 kt (est. 6%)United States31 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins64 kt (est. 12%)Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (7%)Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (3%)Austria: crude not from imports6.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)284 kt (51%)Germany194 kt (35%)Slovenia37 kt (7%)Italy32 kt (6%)Czechia2.8 kt (<1%)Hungary1.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply552 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan204 kt (est. 37%)
- Libya73 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq36 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 6%)
- United States31 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins64 kt (est. 12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude not from imports6.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2025)
36.7 thousand tonnes
7% of Austria's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 284,023 | 51.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 194,120 | 35.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 36,667 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 32,454 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 2,761 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,080 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 170,286 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 36,667 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 36,464 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 30,788 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 30,223 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 29,152 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 27,651 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 26,233 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 25,969 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 25,899 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 20,901 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 18,739 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 18,423 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,153 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 7,639 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,485 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 6,648 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 3,840 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,739 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,074 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,705 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,392 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,161 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 968 | 35.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 793 | 79.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 756 | 70.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 737 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 601 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 567 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 515 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 509 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 418 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 365 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 277 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 152 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 115 | 4.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 55 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 47 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (36,667 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (18,739 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (6,648 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,578 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (515 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.