Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Austria's road diesel supply was 467 kt: 33% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (48%), Slovenia (9%) and Italy (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (25%), Libya (12%) and Norway (9%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan115 kt (est. 25%)Libya55 kt (est. 12%)Norway41 kt (est. 9%)United States41 kt (est. 9%)Iraq28 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom20 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins66 kt (est. 14%)Slovenia: no refinery40 kt (9%)Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (3%)Austria: crude not from imports8.1 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports6.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)155 kt (33%)Germany225 kt (48%)Slovenia40 kt (9%)Italy38 kt (8%)Bulgaria3.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia3.0 kt (<1%)Czechia1.4 kt (<1%)Romania1.2 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply467 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany
- Austria (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Italy
- Bulgaria
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Romania
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan115 kt (est. 25%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway41 kt (est. 9%)
- United States41 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq28 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom20 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins66 kt (est. 14%)
- Slovenia: no refinery40 kt (9%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude not from imports8.1 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports6.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2024)
6.7 thousand tonnes
1% of Austria's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Germany6.7 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 225,451 | 48.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 154,547 | 33.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 40,425 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 38,251 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Austria: road diesel supply | 3,072 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 3,047 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,361 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,245 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 82,517 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 40,425 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Germany | 40,295 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 36,995 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 35,947 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 26,371 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 24,698 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 22,698 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 19,441 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 18,941 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 14,712 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,188 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,104 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 10,601 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 10,428 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 8,136 | 5.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,258 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 6,692 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 6,612 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,937 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,953 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,141 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 3,031 | 98.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,936 | 96.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,788 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,580 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,018 | 74.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 889 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 726 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 599 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 530 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 303 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 245 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 210 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 111 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 84 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 66 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 55 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 47 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Romania | 47 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 41 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (40,425 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (14,188 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (8,136 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (6,692 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,134 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,926 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.