Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Austria's road diesel supply was 499 kt: 32% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (49%), Slovenia (10%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (15%), Libya (13%) and Norway (10%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan77 kt (est. 15%)Libya67 kt (est. 13%)Norway50 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 9%)United States39 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom25 kt (est. 5%)Iraq20 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins81 kt (est. 16%)Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (10%)Austria: crude origin not reported26 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported7.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)160 kt (32%)Germany245 kt (49%)Slovenia52 kt (10%)Italy32 kt (6%)Slovakia7.8 kt (2%)Netherlands1.2 kt (<1%)Hungary0.5 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply499 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany
- Austria (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Italy
- Slovakia
- Netherlands
- Hungary
- France
- Kazakhstan77 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya67 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway50 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 9%)
- United States39 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom25 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq20 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins81 kt (est. 16%)
- Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (10%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported26 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported7.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 245,472 | 49.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 160,095 | 32.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 52,039 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 32,215 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 7,753 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,221 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 500 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 52,039 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Germany | 49,090 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 42,746 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 35,911 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 34,067 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 33,655 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 30,957 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 27,451 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 27,270 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 26,776 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 25,525 | 15.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 24,352 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 12,713 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 12,372 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,193 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,878 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 7,748 | 99.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,153 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 5,336 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 4,991 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,477 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 4,365 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,215 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,427 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,397 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,196 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 898 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 371 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 363 | 72.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 288 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 228 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 180 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 150 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 139 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 93 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 88 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 79 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 69 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 45 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (52,039 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (25,525 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,762 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (7,878 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (69 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.