Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Austria's jet fuel supply was 61 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (23%), Libya (16%) and Saudi Arabia (14%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan14 kt (est. 23%)Libya9.5 kt (est. 16%)Saudi Arabia8.4 kt (est. 14%)Norway2.7 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan2.4 kt (est. 4%)United Arab Emirates2.3 kt (est. 4%)Iraq2.2 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 13%)Austria: crude origin not reported7.1 kt (12%)Slovenia: no refinery2.2 kt (4%)Austria: crude not from imports1.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)45 kt (74%)Germany14 kt (22%)Slovenia2.2 kt (4%)Austria: jet fuel supply61 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Kazakhstan14 kt (est. 23%)
- Libya9.5 kt (est. 16%)
- Saudi Arabia8.4 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway2.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan2.4 kt (est. 4%)
- United Arab Emirates2.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq2.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 13%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported7.1 kt (12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery2.2 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude not from imports1.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 44,722 | 73.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 13,599 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: jet fuel supply | 2,214 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 11,941 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 7,668 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 7,618 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 7,130 | 15.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,839 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 3,192 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,720 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 2,214 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Arab Emirates | Austria (own refineries) | 2,159 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 2,129 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,864 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,715 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 1,491 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 1,394 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 704 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 685 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 436 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 248 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 223 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany | 164 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (7,130 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Slovenia: no refinery (2,214 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (1,394 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (436 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (248 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.