Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Austria's road diesel supply was 521 kt: 36% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (47%), Slovenia (9%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (17%), Libya (13%) and the United States (8%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 17%)Libya69 kt (est. 13%)United States43 kt (est. 8%)Norway42 kt (est. 8%)Iraq41 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins80 kt (est. 15%)Slovenia: no refinery45 kt (9%)Austria: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)Austria: crude not from imports10 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports8.8 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported7.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)189 kt (36%)Germany242 kt (47%)Slovenia45 kt (9%)Italy32 kt (6%)Slovakia10 kt (2%)Hungary1.1 kt (<1%)Romania1.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply521 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 17%)
- Libya69 kt (est. 13%)
- United States43 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway42 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq41 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins80 kt (est. 15%)
- Slovenia: no refinery45 kt (9%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude not from imports10 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports8.8 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported7.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 242,436 | 46.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 188,996 | 36.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 45,365 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 31,856 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 10,253 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,111 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,073 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 56,898 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 45,365 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Germany | 41,211 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 40,710 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 38,518 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 34,192 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 30,549 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 28,250 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 26,233 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 24,477 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 20,727 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 19,179 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 17,890 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 13,884 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 12,138 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,525 | 33.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 10,253 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 10,127 | 5.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 8,822 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,626 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,101 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,643 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,034 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,419 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,790 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,391 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 880 | 79.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 861 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 554 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 539 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 425 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 328 | 30.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 178 | 16.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 141 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 104 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 58 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 53 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 16 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (45,365 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (19,179 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (10,127 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (8,822 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (7,626 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,896 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (612 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.