Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Austria's petrol supply was 239 kt: 49% from its own refineries, with imports from Germany (35%), Slovakia (9%) and Romania (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (22%), Libya (14%) and Iraq (9%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan52 kt (est. 22%)Libya33 kt (est. 14%)Iraq21 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia20 kt (est. 8%)Russia17 kt (est. 7%)Norway15 kt (est. 6%)United States13 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 16%)Austria: crude origin not reported12 kt (5%)Austria: crude not from imports6.3 kt (3%)Romania: crude not from imports4.8 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports3.1 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)118 kt (49%)Germany84 kt (35%)Slovakia21 kt (9%)Romania16 kt (7%)Austria: petrol supply239 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovakia
- Romania
- Kazakhstan52 kt (est. 22%)
- Libya33 kt (est. 14%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia20 kt (est. 8%)
- Russia17 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 6%)
- United States13 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins38 kt (est. 16%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported12 kt (5%)
- Austria: crude not from imports6.3 kt (3%)
- Romania: crude not from imports4.8 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports3.1 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: petrol supply | 118,262 | 49.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: petrol supply | 83,953 | 35.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: petrol supply | 20,894 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: petrol supply | 15,838 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 35,603 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 21,395 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 20,889 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 17,056 | 81.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 16,415 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 15,316 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 14,271 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 13,338 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 12,001 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 11,195 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 10,579 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 9,783 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 6,337 | 5.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 6,273 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 4,840 | 30.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,808 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,203 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 3,838 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,055 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,641 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 2,080 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,541 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 863 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Germany | 386 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 241 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of petrol in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (12,001 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (6,337 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude not from imports (4,840 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (3,055 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (2,641 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (863 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.