Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Austria's jet fuel supply was 65 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (10%) and Slovenia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (32%), Libya (18%) and Iraq (15%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 32%)Libya12 kt (est. 18%)Iraq9.8 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia5.3 kt (est. 8%)Israel1.8 kt (est. 3%)United States1.1 kt (est. 2%)Norway1.0 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. 4%)Slovenia: no refinery4.7 kt (7%)Austria: crude origin not reported3.6 kt (5%)Austria: crude not from imports1.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)53 kt (82%)Germany6.3 kt (10%)Slovenia4.7 kt (7%)Romania0.8 kt (1%)Austria: jet fuel supply65 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Romania
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 32%)
- Libya12 kt (est. 18%)
- Iraq9.8 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabia5.3 kt (est. 8%)
- Israel1.8 kt (est. 3%)
- United States1.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway1.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery4.7 kt (7%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported3.6 kt (5%)
- Austria: crude not from imports1.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 53,220 | 81.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 6,329 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: jet fuel supply | 4,713 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: jet fuel supply | 816 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 20,070 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 11,173 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 9,438 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 4,939 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 4,713 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 3,567 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Israel | Austria (own refineries) | 1,816 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,711 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 1,416 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 1,120 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 957 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 801 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 774 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 703 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 369 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 335 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 314 | 38.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 266 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 238 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 122 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 84 | 10.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 71 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 50 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 30 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (4,713 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (3,567 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (1,416 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (552 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (206 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.