Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Austria's petrol supply was 213 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (29%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), Libya (16%) and Iraq (13%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan60 kt (est. 28%)Libya35 kt (est. 16%)Iraq27 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 7%)United States11 kt (est. 5%)Norway9.7 kt (est. 5%)Russia8.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 12%)Austria: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (4%)Austria: crude not from imports3.5 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports2.8 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports2.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)132 kt (62%)Germany63 kt (29%)Slovakia8.0 kt (4%)Romania7.3 kt (3%)Serbia1.9 kt (<1%)Hungary1.9 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: petrol supply213 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan60 kt (est. 28%)
- Libya35 kt (est. 16%)
- Iraq27 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 7%)
- United States11 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway9.7 kt (est. 5%)
- Russia8.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins25 kt (est. 12%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude not from imports3.5 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.8 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports2.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: petrol supply | 131,530 | 61.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: petrol supply | 62,539 | 29.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: petrol supply | 8,007 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: petrol supply | 7,283 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Austria: petrol supply | 1,891 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: petrol supply | 1,861 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 49,601 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 27,613 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 23,327 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 16,837 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 12,207 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 11,066 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9,453 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 8,816 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 7,649 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 7,061 | 88.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 6,944 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 6,468 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,649 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 3,499 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,313 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,802 | 38.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,373 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,354 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Serbia | 1,891 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Hungary | 1,433 | 77.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,208 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 946 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 752 | 10.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 635 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 450 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 314 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania | 271 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Germany | 65 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 57 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 57 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1 | 32.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 0 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 0 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (8,816 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (3,499 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,802 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude not from imports (2,354 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,960 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,891 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (314 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.