Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Austria's road diesel supply was 564 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (41%), Slovenia (9%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (23%), Libya (16%) and Iraq (10%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan131 kt (est. 23%)Libya93 kt (est. 16%)Iraq56 kt (est. 10%)United States47 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia32 kt (est. 6%)Norway32 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins69 kt (est. 12%)Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (9%)Austria: crude not from imports15 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported7.8 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports7.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)248 kt (44%)Germany231 kt (41%)Slovenia52 kt (9%)Italy31 kt (6%)Slovakia1.7 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply564 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Italy
- Slovakia
- Kazakhstan131 kt (est. 23%)
- Libya93 kt (est. 16%)
- Iraq56 kt (est. 10%)
- United States47 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia32 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins69 kt (est. 12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (9%)
- Austria: crude not from imports15 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported7.8 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports7.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 247,736 | 43.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 230,859 | 40.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 52,237 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 31,274 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,656 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 99,657 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 62,541 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 52,237 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 46,610 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 42,394 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 39,469 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 30,688 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 28,199 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 24,664 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 20,705 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 20,292 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 14,641 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 13,362 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 10,724 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,085 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 9,380 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,810 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany | 7,459 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,326 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,743 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,810 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,791 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,122 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,594 | 96.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,133 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 976 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 960 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 328 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 62 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (52,237 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (14,641 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (7,810 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (7,459 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (976 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (960 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.