Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Austria's jet fuel supply was 68 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports from Slovenia (17%) and Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (32%), Libya (20%) and Iraq (13%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 32%)Libya14 kt (est. 20%)Iraq8.6 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia4.6 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan1.9 kt (est. 3%)United States0.8 kt (est. 1%)Norway0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. 2%)Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (17%)Austria: crude not from imports3.1 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)53 kt (77%)Slovenia12 kt (17%)Germany4.1 kt (6%)Austria: jet fuel supply68 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 32%)
- Libya14 kt (est. 20%)
- Iraq8.6 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia4.6 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan1.9 kt (est. 3%)
- United States0.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Slovenia: no refinery12 kt (17%)
- Austria: crude not from imports3.1 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 52,734 | 77.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: jet fuel supply | 11,553 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 4,088 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 21,213 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 13,313 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 11,553 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 8,401 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 4,407 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 3,116 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 1,828 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,117 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 751 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 543 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 499 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 455 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 437 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 237 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 166 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 138 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 132 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 67 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (11,553 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (3,116 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (138 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (132 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.