Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Austria's jet fuel supply was 56 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (33%), Libya (17%) and Iraq (11%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 33%)Libya9.4 kt (est. 17%)Iraq6.1 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia3.6 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan1.7 kt (est. 3%)Brazil0.8 kt (est. 1%)United States0.7 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins1.3 kt (est. 2%)Slovenia: no refinery11 kt (19%)Austria: crude not from imports2.2 kt (4%)Austria: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)41 kt (74%)Slovenia11 kt (19%)Germany2.7 kt (5%)Italy1.2 kt (2%)Austria: jet fuel supply56 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Italy
- Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 33%)
- Libya9.4 kt (est. 17%)
- Iraq6.1 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia3.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan1.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil0.8 kt (est. 1%)
- United States0.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins1.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Slovenia: no refinery11 kt (19%)
- Austria: crude not from imports2.2 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 41,498 | 73.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: jet fuel supply | 10,702 | 19.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 2,744 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: jet fuel supply | 1,174 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 18,157 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 10,702 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 8,839 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 5,811 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 3,460 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 2,162 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 1,435 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,041 | 37.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 820 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Austria (own refineries) | 785 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 520 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 333 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 294 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 232 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 195 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 180 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 163 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 156 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 129 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 110 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 109 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 85 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 84 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 80 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 77 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 76 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 27 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Germany | 27 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (10,702 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (2,162 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (820 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (169 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (157 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.