Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Austria's petrol supply was 186 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (19%) and Slovakia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (35%), Libya (18%) and Iraq (12%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 35%)Libya34 kt (est. 18%)Iraq22 kt (est. 12%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 7%)Russia8.9 kt (est. 5%)United States6.6 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan5.8 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 9%)Austria: crude not from imports7.3 kt (4%)Austria: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)140 kt (75%)Germany35 kt (19%)Slovakia10.0 kt (5%)Romania0.7 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: petrol supply186 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovakia
- Romania
- Slovenia
- Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 35%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 18%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 12%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 7%)
- Russia8.9 kt (est. 5%)
- United States6.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan5.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 9%)
- Austria: crude not from imports7.3 kt (4%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: petrol supply | 140,286 | 75.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: petrol supply | 35,045 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: petrol supply | 9,961 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: petrol supply | 741 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 61,379 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 29,882 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 19,645 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 13,635 | 38.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 11,697 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 8,878 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 7,309 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 6,645 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 4,852 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 4,257 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,751 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 2,771 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 2,751 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,078 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,650 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,078 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 984 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 967 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 740 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 343 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 291 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 285 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 107 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 68 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 48 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 41 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 9 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude not from imports (7,309 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (2,771 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,712 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,691 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (107 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.