Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Austria's jet fuel supply was 66 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports from Slovenia (16%) and Germany (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (34%), Libya (16%) and Iraq (8%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 34%)Libya11 kt (est. 16%)Iraq5.1 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan2.6 kt (est. 4%)Brazil2.1 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia2.1 kt (est. 3%)United States1.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 3%)Slovenia: no refinery10 kt (16%)Austria: crude origin not reported3.4 kt (5%)Austria: crude not from imports3.2 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)50 kt (76%)Slovenia10 kt (16%)Germany5.4 kt (8%)Austria: jet fuel supply66 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 34%)
- Libya11 kt (est. 16%)
- Iraq5.1 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan2.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil2.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia2.1 kt (est. 3%)
- United States1.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery10 kt (16%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported3.4 kt (5%)
- Austria: crude not from imports3.2 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 50,399 | 76.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Austria: jet fuel supply | 10,454 | 15.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 5,414 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 22,028 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 10,454 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 10,199 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 4,880 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 3,408 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 3,248 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 2,471 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 2,091 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,078 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Austria (own refineries) | 2,042 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,262 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 653 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 577 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 335 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 222 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 163 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 92 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 32 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (10,454 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (3,408 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (3,248 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (335 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.