Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Austria's petrol supply was 188 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (36%), Libya (18%) and Iraq (8%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan67 kt (est. 36%)Libya34 kt (est. 18%)Iraq16 kt (est. 8%)United States8.3 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan8.2 kt (est. 4%)Norway7.0 kt (est. 4%)Brazil6.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins19 kt (est. 10%)Austria: crude origin not reported9.8 kt (5%)Austria: crude not from imports9.4 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)145 kt (78%)Germany36 kt (19%)Slovakia6.4 kt (3%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: petrol supply188 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovakia
- United Kingdom
- Slovenia
- Kazakhstan67 kt (est. 36%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 18%)
- Iraq16 kt (est. 8%)
- United States8.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan8.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway7.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil6.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins19 kt (est. 10%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported9.8 kt (5%)
- Austria: crude not from imports9.4 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: petrol supply | 145,350 | 77.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: petrol supply | 35,589 | 19.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: petrol supply | 6,427 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 63,527 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 29,415 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 14,075 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 9,829 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 9,367 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 8,297 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 7,127 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 7,049 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,820 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 6,427 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 6,121 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Austria (own refineries) | 5,890 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 4,291 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,796 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,201 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,459 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1,070 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 606 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 108 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 69 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (9,829 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (9,367 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (2,201 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (108 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (69 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.