Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Austria's petrol supply was 216 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (44%), Libya (17%) and Saudi Arabia (5%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 44%)Libya37 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 5%)United States10 kt (est. 5%)Norway9.1 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan5.8 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 6%)Austria: crude origin not reported15 kt (7%)Austria: crude not from imports7.9 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)161 kt (75%)Germany47 kt (22%)Slovakia3.4 kt (2%)Romania2.0 kt (<1%)Hungary1.2 kt (<1%)Czechia0.7 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.6 kt (<1%)Switzerlandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: petrol supply216 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovakia
- Romania
- Hungary
- Czechia
- Slovenia
- Switzerland
- Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 44%)
- Libya37 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 5%)
- United States10 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway9.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan5.8 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 6%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported15 kt (7%)
- Austria: crude not from imports7.9 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: petrol supply | 160,980 | 74.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: petrol supply | 46,873 | 21.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: petrol supply | 3,437 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: petrol supply | 1,991 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: petrol supply | 1,158 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: petrol supply | 713 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: petrol supply | 608 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 87,982 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 31,237 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 15,322 | 9.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 10,340 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9,143 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 7,885 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 7,457 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,176 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 5,945 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 5,600 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 5,558 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,740 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 3,393 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 3,085 | 89.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 2,918 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 1,902 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1,782 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 938 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 886 | 76.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 608 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 402 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 313 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 300 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 292 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 251 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 198 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 195 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 183 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 181 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania | 112 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 108 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 93 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 90 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 88 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 49 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 7 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (15,322 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (7,885 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (5,945 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (882 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (608 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (90 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.