Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Austria's jet fuel supply was 86 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (51%), Libya (18%) and Saudi Arabia (7%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 51%)Libya16 kt (est. 18%)Saudi Arabia6.2 kt (est. 7%)United States2.8 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan1.6 kt (est. 2%)Norway1.5 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 1%)Austria: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (8%)Austria: crude not from imports4.4 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)79 kt (91%)Germany5.4 kt (6%)Netherlands2.2 kt (3%)Austria: jet fuel supply86 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 51%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 18%)
- Saudi Arabia6.2 kt (est. 7%)
- United States2.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway1.5 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (8%)
- Austria: crude not from imports4.4 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 78,715 | 91.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 5,433 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Austria: jet fuel supply | 2,168 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 43,198 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 15,150 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 7,030 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 6,082 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 4,405 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 1,421 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 1,400 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,116 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 893 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 704 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 595 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 571 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 571 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 561 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 505 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 448 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 385 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 318 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 226 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 173 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 155 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 137 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 94 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 79 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 41 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 29 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (7,030 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (4,405 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (708 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (202 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.