Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Austria's petrol supply was 200 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (44%), Libya (17%) and Saudi Arabia (6%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 44%)Libya33 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 6%)United States10 kt (est. 5%)Norway9.3 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan4.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins9.9 kt (est. 5%)Austria: crude origin not reported13 kt (7%)Austria: crude not from imports8.3 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)149 kt (74%)Germany45 kt (22%)Slovakia2.7 kt (1%)Hungary1.5 kt (<1%)Romania1.0 kt (<1%)Czechia0.6 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.3 kt (<1%)Austria: petrol supply200 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 44%)
- Libya33 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 6%)
- United States10 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway9.3 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan4.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins9.9 kt (est. 5%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported13 kt (7%)
- Austria: crude not from imports8.3 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: petrol supply | 149,104 | 74.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: petrol supply | 45,024 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: petrol supply | 2,734 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: petrol supply | 1,526 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Austria: petrol supply | 997 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: petrol supply | 624 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: petrol supply | 257 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 81,827 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 28,698 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 13,316 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 11,520 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9,250 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 8,343 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 7,397 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,831 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,935 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,730 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,730 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 4,653 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 2,692 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 2,651 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,585 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,436 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1,283 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,149 | 75.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 779 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 497 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 315 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 257 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 247 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 229 | 23.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 197 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 160 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 149 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 97 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 83 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Romania | 56 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 55 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Austria split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 37 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 25 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude origin not reported (13,316 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude not from imports (8,343 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (4,730 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,063 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (257 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.