Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Austria's road diesel supply was 542 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (38%), Italy (7%) and Slovenia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (28%), Libya (15%) and Saudi Arabia (8%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 28%)Libya80 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia42 kt (est. 8%)Norway34 kt (est. 6%)United States32 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan23 kt (est. 4%)Iraq22 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins65 kt (est. 12%)Slovenia: no refinery33 kt (6%)Austria: crude not from imports22 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported17 kt (3%)Austria: crude origin not reported16 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)256 kt (47%)Germany204 kt (38%)Italy37 kt (7%)Slovenia33 kt (6%)Slovakia7.7 kt (1%)Czechia3.2 kt (<1%)Hungary1.3 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Austria: road diesel supply542 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Hungary
- France
- Other (1)
- Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 28%)
- Libya80 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabia42 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway34 kt (est. 6%)
- United States32 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan23 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins65 kt (est. 12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery33 kt (6%)
- Austria: crude not from imports22 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported17 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported16 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: road diesel supply | 256,476 | 47.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: road diesel supply | 204,492 | 37.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: road diesel supply | 36,675 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Austria: road diesel supply | 32,571 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Austria: road diesel supply | 7,706 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Austria: road diesel supply | 3,157 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Austria: road diesel supply | 1,290 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 120,689 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 49,735 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 41,576 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 36,489 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 33,713 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 32,571 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Germany | 29,629 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 29,331 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 25,149 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 21,993 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 16,606 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria (own refineries) | 16,416 | 6.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 12,654 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 11,149 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,354 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 8,013 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 7,401 | 96.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,883 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,560 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,775 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 4,056 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,825 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,618 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,167 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,681 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,323 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,186 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 976 | 75.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 565 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 494 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 443 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 245 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 221 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 211 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 189 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Austria split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 121 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Austria split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 116 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 73 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 20 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Austria split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Austria split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 0 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 0 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Austria’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (32,571 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Austria: crude not from imports (21,993 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (16,606 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (16,416 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,657 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.