Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Austria's jet fuel supply was 92 kt: 92% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (50%), Saudi Arabia (14%) and Libya (8%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 50%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 14%)Libya7.7 kt (est. 8%)Guyana6.7 kt (est. 7%)Senegal2.7 kt (est. 3%)United States1.9 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan1.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins6.0 kt (est. 7%)Austria: crude not from imports6.4 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)85 kt (92%)Germany4.5 kt (5%)Netherlands3.2 kt (4%)Austria: jet fuel supply92 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 50%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya7.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Guyana6.7 kt (est. 7%)
- Senegal2.7 kt (est. 3%)
- United States1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins6.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Austria: crude not from imports6.4 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 84,597 | 91.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 4,527 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Austria: jet fuel supply | 3,240 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 44,813 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 12,568 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 6,906 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria (own refineries) | 6,741 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 6,432 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Senegal | Austria (own refineries) | 2,618 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 2,328 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,870 | 41.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,845 | 56.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria (own refineries) | 1,533 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 763 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria (own refineries) | 657 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 637 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 634 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 602 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 485 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 336 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 200 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 107 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 97 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 82 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Senegal | Netherlands | 38 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 37 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Senegal | Germany | 34 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude not from imports (6,432 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (537 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (107 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.