Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Austria's jet fuel supply was 78 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (49%), Libya (10%) and Saudi Arabia (10%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 49%)Libya7.9 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia7.6 kt (est. 10%)Guyana4.0 kt (est. 5%)Iraq3.8 kt (est. 5%)Norway3.0 kt (est. 4%)United States2.1 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins7.6 kt (est. 10%)Austria: crude not from imports2.7 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)63 kt (82%)Belgium7.5 kt (10%)Netherlands3.7 kt (5%)Germany3.1 kt (4%)Austria: jet fuel supply78 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 49%)
- Libya7.9 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia7.6 kt (est. 10%)
- Guyana4.0 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq3.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway3.0 kt (est. 4%)
- United States2.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins7.6 kt (est. 10%)
- Austria: crude not from imports2.7 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 63,246 | 81.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Austria: jet fuel supply | 7,489 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Austria: jet fuel supply | 3,702 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 3,118 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 35,328 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 7,538 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 7,425 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria (own refineries) | 3,533 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 3,372 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 3,308 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 2,742 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,331 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,737 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,359 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,137 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 881 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 866 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 810 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 774 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 614 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 521 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 450 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 441 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 432 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 431 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 422 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 256 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 215 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 204 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 180 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 88 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 72 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 42 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 17 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 16 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 13 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude not from imports (2,742 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,085 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (160 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.