Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Austria's jet fuel supply was 86 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (6%) and Italy (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (48%), Libya (13%) and Iraq (9%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan41 kt (est. 48%)Libya11 kt (est. 13%)Iraq7.5 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia6.3 kt (est. 7%)Guyana3.0 kt (est. 4%)United States2.4 kt (est. 3%)Norway2.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins6.3 kt (est. 7%)Austria: crude not from imports4.1 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Austria (own refineries)71 kt (83%)Netherlands4.8 kt (6%)Italy4.4 kt (5%)Belgium3.2 kt (4%)Germany2.5 kt (3%)Austria: jet fuel supply86 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Austria (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Italy
- Belgium
- Germany
- Kazakhstan41 kt (est. 48%)
- Libya11 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq7.5 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia6.3 kt (est. 7%)
- Guyana3.0 kt (est. 4%)
- United States2.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway2.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins6.3 kt (est. 7%)
- Austria: crude not from imports4.1 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (own refineries) | Austria: jet fuel supply | 71,265 | 82.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Austria: jet fuel supply | 4,760 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Austria: jet fuel supply | 4,418 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Austria: jet fuel supply | 3,215 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Austria: jet fuel supply | 2,531 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Austria (own refineries) | 39,394 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria (own refineries) | 10,045 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria (own refineries) | 6,832 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria (own refineries) | 6,094 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria (own refineries) | 4,112 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Austria (own refineries) | 2,747 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria (own refineries) | 2,042 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Austria split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,389 | 29.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,340 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,062 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 973 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 903 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 855 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 791 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 697 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 623 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 583 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 565 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 560 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 441 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 438 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 391 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 376 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 365 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 337 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 307 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 281 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 279 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Austria split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 245 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 235 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 234 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 215 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 171 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 134 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 55 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Austria split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 40 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 20 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Austria split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 17 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Austria split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Austria’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Austria: crude not from imports (4,112 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (772 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (767 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.