Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 254 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (31%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (16%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway51 kt (est. 20%)United States41 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom28 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 9%)Iraq18 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 6%)Angola12 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins52 kt (est. 20%)Belgium: crude origin not reported9.7 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (2%)Belgium (own refineries)174 kt (69%)Netherlands80 kt (31%)Belgium: jet fuel supply254 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Norway51 kt (est. 20%)
- United States41 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom28 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola12 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins52 kt (est. 20%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported9.7 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (2%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 173,900 | 68.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 79,800 | 31.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 40,767 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,317 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 21,926 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 18,827 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,816 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,853 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,914 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10,842 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,753 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,772 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,682 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,351 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,107 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,435 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 5,745 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,188 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,482 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 923 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (9,682 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,482 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.