Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Belgium's petrol supply was 317 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (23%), the United Kingdom (9%) and France (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (17%) and the United Kingdom (12%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway55 kt (est. 17%)United States52 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom37 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 7%)Iraq20 kt (est. 6%)Angola17 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins46 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom: no crude data30 kt (9%)Belgium: crude origin not reported13 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data5.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)188 kt (59%)Netherlands74 kt (23%)United Kingdom30 kt (9%)France17 kt (5%)Singapore5.5 kt (2%)Germany3.8 kt (1%)Belgium: petrol supply317 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- France
- Singapore
- Germany
- Norway55 kt (est. 17%)
- United States52 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom37 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq20 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola17 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins46 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data30 kt (9%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported13 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 187,500 | 59.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 73,800 | 23.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: petrol supply | 29,900 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 16,700 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,500 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 3,800 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 40,466 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,534 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 29,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 27,533 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,489 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,095 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,611 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,399 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,201 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,886 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,645 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 10,515 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,797 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,705 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,961 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,299 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,158 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,078 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 2,703 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,597 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,881 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,761 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,756 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,661 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 1,355 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,271 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,230 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 959 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 805 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 672 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 584 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 574 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 465 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 335 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 281 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 201 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 143 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 101 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 73 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Germany | 4 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (29,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (13,201 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,669 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,639 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.