Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 275 kt: 53% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (31%) and Kuwait (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (15%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
United States47 kt (est. 17%)Norway40 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom30 kt (est. 11%)Iraq20 kt (est. 7%)Brazil16 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan14 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins30 kt (est. 11%)Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (12%)Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (5%)India: no crude data11 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)145 kt (53%)Netherlands86 kt (31%)Kuwait33 kt (12%)India11 kt (4%)Belgium: jet fuel supply275 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- India
- United States47 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway40 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom30 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq20 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil16 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan14 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins30 kt (est. 11%)
- Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (12%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data11 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 144,600 | 52.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 85,900 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 33,400 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 11,000 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 33,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,435 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 24,035 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 23,344 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,618 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,468 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,636 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,571 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 11,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,591 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,344 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 10,212 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,622 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,108 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 8,030 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,630 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,531 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,833 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,758 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,900 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 834 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (33,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (14,636 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,900 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (834 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.