Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Belgium's petrol supply was 348 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (20%) and France (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (16%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States65 kt (est. 19%)Norway55 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom40 kt (est. 11%)Iraq27 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria22 kt (est. 6%)Brazil19 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins55 kt (est. 16%)Belgium: crude origin not reported23 kt (7%)Singapore: no crude data6.3 kt (2%)Norway: no crude data4.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)229 kt (66%)Netherlands71 kt (20%)France32 kt (9%)Singapore6.3 kt (2%)Germany6.2 kt (2%)Norway4.0 kt (1%)Belgium: petrol supply348 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- France
- Singapore
- Germany
- Norway
- United States65 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway55 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom40 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq27 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria22 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil19 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins55 kt (est. 16%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported23 kt (7%)
- Singapore: no crude data6.3 kt (2%)
- Norway: no crude data4.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 228,500 | 65.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 71,000 | 20.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 31,700 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 6,300 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 6,200 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 40,193 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 37,981 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 35,741 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,763 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,129 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 19,295 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,736 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,346 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,393 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,044 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,901 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 11,224 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,440 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,953 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,744 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,637 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,307 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 6,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,822 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,190 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,106 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,892 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,604 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,397 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | France | 2,164 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,849 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,318 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1,280 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 1,139 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 849 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 824 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 757 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 629 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 545 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 359 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 264 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 210 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 200 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 125 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 53 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (23,129 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (6,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Norway: no crude data (4,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,886 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,367 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.