Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 229 kt: 58% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (21%) and India (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (12%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
United States40 kt (est. 17%)Norway26 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria16 kt (est. 7%)Iraq15 kt (est. 7%)Brazil13 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan10 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 12%)India: no crude data43 kt (19%)Belgium: crude origin not reported10 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data4.2 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (1%)Belgium (own refineries)133 kt (58%)Netherlands49 kt (21%)India43 kt (19%)Saudi Arabia4.2 kt (2%)Belgium: jet fuel supply229 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- United States40 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway26 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria16 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq15 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil13 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan10 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 12%)
- India: no crude data43 kt (19%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported10 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data4.2 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 132,700 | 58.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 48,800 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 43,000 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 4,200 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 43,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,448 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,633 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,251 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,938 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,552 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,072 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,191 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,695 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,226 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,245 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,225 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,742 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,602 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,313 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 4,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,977 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,811 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,381 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,196 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (43,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (10,191 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (4,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,381 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.