Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Belgium's petrol supply was 304 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from France (16%) and the Netherlands (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (13%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States63 kt (est. 21%)Norway41 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom29 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria27 kt (est. 9%)Iraq25 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 6%)Brazil19 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins56 kt (est. 18%)Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data5.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)201 kt (66%)France49 kt (16%)Netherlands48 kt (16%)Singapore5.4 kt (2%)Germany1.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply304 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- France
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Germany
- United States63 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway41 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom29 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria27 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq25 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil19 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins56 kt (est. 18%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported15 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 201,000 | 66.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 48,800 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 47,900 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,400 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 1,200 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 40,060 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 34,282 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,675 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,626 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 17,604 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,771 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,436 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,685 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,975 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,302 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,489 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 9,069 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,111 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,636 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,498 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,384 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,215 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,765 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,433 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,903 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,741 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,721 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,337 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,155 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,278 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1,092 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 752 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 700 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 360 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 228 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 170 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 128 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 83 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 71 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 56 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 54 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 37 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 12 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (15,436 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,146 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,315 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.