Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Belgium's petrol supply was 328 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from France (15%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Nigeria (11%) and Norway (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States61 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria37 kt (est. 11%)Norway36 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom23 kt (est. 7%)Iraq22 kt (est. 7%)Angola17 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins65 kt (est. 20%)Belgium: crude origin not reported21 kt (6%)United States: no crude data8.2 kt (3%)Singapore: no crude data4.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)231 kt (71%)France49 kt (15%)Netherlands34 kt (10%)United States8.2 kt (3%)Singapore4.1 kt (1%)Germany2.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply328 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- France
- Netherlands
- United States
- Singapore
- Germany
- United States61 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria37 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom23 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq22 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola17 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins65 kt (est. 20%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported21 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data8.2 kt (3%)
- Singapore: no crude data4.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 231,100 | 70.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 48,800 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 33,500 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: petrol supply | 8,200 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,100 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 2,100 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 42,817 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,738 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,857 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 27,640 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 21,177 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,536 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,978 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16,411 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,628 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,134 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 9,938 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 9,049 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 8,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,786 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,754 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,683 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 4,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,686 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,613 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,577 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,527 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,106 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,081 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2,456 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,261 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,110 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1,062 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 760 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 595 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 586 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 490 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 440 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 416 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 224 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 130 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 86 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 83 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 79 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 7 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (20,536 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (8,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (4,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (595 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.