Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Belgium's petrol supply was 437 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%) and the United Kingdom (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (13%) and Nigeria (10%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
United States86 kt (est. 20%)Norway56 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria44 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan34 kt (est. 8%)Angola30 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom29 kt (est. 7%)Iraq19 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins68 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data34 kt (8%)Belgium: crude origin not reported20 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data6.8 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)296 kt (68%)Netherlands77 kt (18%)United Kingdom34 kt (8%)Germany16 kt (4%)Singapore6.8 kt (2%)Italy5.0 kt (1%)Norway2.4 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply437 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Singapore
- Italy
- Norway
- United States86 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway56 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria44 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan34 kt (est. 8%)
- Angola30 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom29 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq19 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins68 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data34 kt (8%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported20 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data6.8 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 295,500 | 67.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 77,200 | 17.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: petrol supply | 34,100 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 16,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 6,800 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium: petrol supply | 2,400 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 59,663 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 49,896 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 42,723 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 34,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 33,658 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,815 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,892 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,905 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,866 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,462 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,524 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,603 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 9,409 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 9,377 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,315 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 6,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,344 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,607 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,184 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,682 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,261 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,075 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 2,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 2,396 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2,183 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 2,169 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,665 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 978 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 887 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 584 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 577 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 481 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 400 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 392 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 347 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 318 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 300 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 206 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Germany | 204 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 153 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 135 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 65 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Belgium split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (34,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (20,462 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (6,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,607 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,833 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,183 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.