Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 184 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States41 kt (est. 22%)Norway29 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria17 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 8%)Angola12 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia8.5 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 15%)Belgium: crude origin not reported12 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)145 kt (79%)Netherlands31 kt (17%)Germany8.7 kt (5%)Belgium: jet fuel supply185 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- United States41 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway29 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria17 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 8%)
- Angola12 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia8.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 15%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported12 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 145,200 | 78.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 30,600 | 16.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 8,700 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,400 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,500 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,966 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 15,232 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 14,566 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,261 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,839 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,871 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,779 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,565 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,543 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,719 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,662 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,545 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,095 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,003 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,952 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,894 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,839 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,829 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,070 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 636 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 572 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 534 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 250 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 189 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 116 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 74 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (12,261 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,465 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (189 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.