Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 257 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (20%), the United Arab Emirates (15%) and Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
United States49 kt (est. 19%)Norway33 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria16 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 6%)Angola9.1 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins37 kt (est. 14%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data39 kt (15%)Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)153 kt (59%)Netherlands51 kt (20%)United Arab Emirates39 kt (15%)Germany15 kt (6%)Belgium: jet fuel supply257 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Germany
- United States49 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway33 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria16 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola9.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins37 kt (est. 14%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data39 kt (15%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 152,500 | 59.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 51,300 | 19.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 39,000 | 15.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 14,600 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,778 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 24,625 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,934 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,554 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,497 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 14,927 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,430 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,059 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,679 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,674 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,950 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 7,297 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 4,277 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 4,141 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,070 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,920 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,272 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,051 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,794 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,773 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,839 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,433 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,237 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 938 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 560 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 292 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 214 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 187 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (11,059 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (3,051 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,237 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (214 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.