Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 356 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports from Kuwait (31%), the Netherlands (7%) and Germany (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Norway (10%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
United States47 kt (est. 13%)Norway36 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan32 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia29 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria14 kt (est. 4%)Brazil10 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom9.8 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins46 kt (est. 13%)Kuwait: no crude data111 kt (31%)Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)202 kt (57%)Kuwait111 kt (31%)Netherlands24 kt (7%)Germany19 kt (5%)Belgium: jet fuel supply356 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Netherlands
- Germany
- United States47 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway36 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan32 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia29 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria14 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil10 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom9.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins46 kt (est. 13%)
- Kuwait: no crude data111 kt (31%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 201,700 | 56.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 111,100 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 24,300 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 18,700 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 111,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 39,232 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,586 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 29,037 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,020 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,939 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,059 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,010 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 8,470 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,523 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,346 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,030 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,468 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,438 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,382 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,812 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,705 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,690 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2,376 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,864 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,841 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,769 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,697 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,635 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,306 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 705 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 450 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 200 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 109 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (111,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (18,059 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,704 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (200 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.