Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 220 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States39 kt (est. 18%)Norway32 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 6%)Brazil8.7 kt (est. 4%)Iraq8.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 17%)Belgium: crude origin not reported20 kt (9%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)174 kt (79%)Netherlands42 kt (19%)Germany2.3 kt (1%)France2.0 kt (<1%)Belgium: jet fuel supply220 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- France
- United States39 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil8.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq8.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins38 kt (est. 17%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported20 kt (9%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 173,500 | 78.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 42,000 | 19.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 2,300 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 32,015 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 27,529 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,394 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 24,934 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 21,013 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,164 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 11,047 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,438 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,301 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,061 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,230 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 4,582 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,518 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 3,826 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,743 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,523 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,378 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,673 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,131 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 581 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 570 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 437 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 421 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 403 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 332 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 295 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 274 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 186 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | France | 140 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 138 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 123 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 87 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 86 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 68 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 68 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 43 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 42 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 8 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (20,164 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (3,523 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,174 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (272 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.