Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Belgium's petrol supply was 398 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States74 kt (est. 19%)Norway70 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 13%)Brazil33 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria26 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom25 kt (est. 6%)Iraq20 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins49 kt (est. 12%)Belgium: crude origin not reported39 kt (10%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data5.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)314 kt (79%)Netherlands72 kt (18%)Singapore5.2 kt (1%)Spain5.1 kt (1%)Germany1.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply398 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Spain
- Germany
- United States74 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway70 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil33 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria26 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom25 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq20 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins49 kt (est. 12%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported39 kt (10%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 314,400 | 79.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 72,000 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,200 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,100 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 1,200 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 57,510 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 57,069 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 43,761 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,132 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 39,065 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,153 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,884 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,926 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 15,705 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,900 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,023 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,500 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,423 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,000 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,096 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,686 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,344 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,222 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,409 | 47.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 727 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 648 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 625 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 329 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 224 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 220 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 180 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 180 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 136 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 104 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 102 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 91 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 80 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 78 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 57 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 52 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 40 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 11 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 6 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (39,065 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,686 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (298 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (58 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.