Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 324 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (23%), the South Korea (21%) and the United States (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), the United States (11%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway45 kt (est. 14%)United States36 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 8%)Brazil19 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom16 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria14 kt (est. 4%)Iraq12 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 7%)South Korea: no crude data67 kt (21%)United States: no crude data36 kt (11%)Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)145 kt (45%)Netherlands74 kt (23%)South Korea67 kt (21%)United States36 kt (11%)Kuwait2.8 kt (<1%)Belgium: jet fuel supply324 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- South Korea
- United States
- Kuwait
- Norway45 kt (est. 14%)
- United States36 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil19 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom16 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria14 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq12 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 7%)
- South Korea: no crude data67 kt (21%)
- United States: no crude data36 kt (11%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 144,800 | 44.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 73,900 | 22.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 66,600 | 20.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 36,100 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 2,800 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 66,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 36,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 32,233 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,230 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 18,700 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,951 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,365 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 15,354 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 13,115 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,317 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,054 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,854 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,541 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,760 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,447 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,415 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,047 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,905 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,888 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,304 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 2,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,011 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 209 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (66,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (36,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (17,951 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,047 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,220 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.