Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Belgium's petrol supply was 376 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway78 kt (est. 21%)United States55 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 12%)Brazil31 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom26 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 7%)Iraq18 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins42 kt (est. 11%)Belgium: crude origin not reported37 kt (10%)Singapore: no crude data5.4 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (1%)Norway: no crude data4.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)297 kt (79%)Netherlands62 kt (16%)Germany7.4 kt (2%)Singapore5.4 kt (1%)Norway4.6 kt (1%)Belgium: petrol supply376 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Singapore
- Norway
- Norway78 kt (est. 21%)
- United States55 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil31 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom26 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins42 kt (est. 11%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported37 kt (10%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.4 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (1%)
- Norway: no crude data4.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 296,600 | 78.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 61,700 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 7,400 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,400 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium: petrol supply | 4,600 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 66,023 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,437 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,305 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,769 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 35,569 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,230 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,593 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 20,184 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 12,819 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 12,060 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 10,950 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,131 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,644 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,383 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,356 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,048 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,930 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 4,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,594 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,897 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,323 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,180 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 866 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 844 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 622 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 483 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 466 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 428 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 285 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 220 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 60 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (36,769 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,048 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Norway: no crude data (4,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,492 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (466 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.